Jesenia Arzaga

Capitalism and Culture Memey was but one of millions of women victimized by international networks of sex trafficking Those networks represented one dark and tragic thread in a vast web of political relationships, economic transactions, culture influences, and the movement of people across international borders that linked the world’s separate countries and regions, binding them together more tightly, but also more contentiously The 1990s, process of accelerating engagement among distant peoples was widely known as globalization Debating the pros and cons of this encompassing pattern of interaction and exchange has been central to global discourse over the past half century or more When most people speak of globalization, they are referring to the immense acceleration in international economic transaction that took place in the second half of the 20th century and continued into the 21st century

The End of Empire Variously called decolonization or the struggle for independence, that process carried an immense significance for the history of the 20th century In 1990,European colonial empires in Africa, Asia, the Caribbean region, and Pacific Oceania appeared as enduring features of the worlds political landscape Well before the end of the 20th century they were gone, the first major  breakthroughs occurred in Asia and the middle East in the late 1940s was When the Philippines, India, Pakistan, Burma, Indonesia, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, and Israel achieved independence The period from the mid1950s through the mid 1970s was an age of African independence as colony after colony, more than fifty in total, emerged into what was then seen as the bright light of freedom During the 1970s many of the island societies of Pacific Oceania - Samoa Fiji, Tonga, the solomon islands - joined the ranks of independence states almost entirely peacefully and without much strug...

Revolution, Socialism, and Global Conflict Communism was a phenomenon of enormous significance in the world of the 20th century Modern communism found its political and philosophical roots in 19th century European socialism, inspired by the teaching of Karl Marx Those who define themselves as communists in the 20th century disdained such reformism and advocated uncompromising revolution as the only possible route to a socialist future Russia called the Soviet Union, was the first country to experience such a revolution Other movements that later identified or allied with the soviet union likewise defined themselves as communists Socialism was an intermediate stage along the way, by the 1970s almost one third of the world's population lived in societies governed by communist regimes

Nuremberg Laws: the Reich Citizenship Law and the Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor. These laws embodied many of the racial theories underpinning Nazi ideology. They would provide the legal framework for the systematic persecution of Jews in Germany. Hitler announced the Nuremberg Laws on September 15, 1935.  Germany’s parliament, then made up entirely of Nazi representatives, passed the laws. Antisemitism was of central importance to the Nazi Party, so Hitler had called parliament into a special session at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg, Germany.Reich Citizenship Law and many clarifying decrees on its implementation, only people of “German or kindred blood” could be citizens of Germany. The law defined who was and was not a German, and who was and was not a Jew. The Nazis rejected the traditional view of Jews as members of a religious or cultural community. They claimed instead that Jews were a race defined by birth and by blood. To further c...

Collapse at the Center The “Great War” which came ro be called the first War or World War I (1914-1918) European civil War with a global reach provoked the Russian Revolution and the beginning of world communism Followed by the Great Depression The outbreak of the war was something of an accident, in tha none of the major states planned or predicted the archduke’s assassination or deliberately soughts a prolonged conflict, but the system of rigid alliances made Europe vulnerable to that kind of accident Behind those alliances lay other factors that contributed to the the eruption of war and shaped its character Also contributing to the war was an industrialized militarism

Empires in collision China was among the countries that confronted an aggressive and industrializing West   while maintaining its formal independence Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persian (Iran), Ethiopia, and Siam (Thailand) They shared with their colonized counterparts the need to deal with four dimensions of the European moment in world history Faced the immense military might and political ambitions of revival European states They became enmeshed in networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration that arose from an industrializing and capitalist Europe to generate  a new world economy They were touched by various aspects of traditional European culture, as some among them learned the French, English, or German language; converted to Christianity;  or studied European literature and philosophy They engaged with the culture of modernity --- its scientific rationalism; its technological achievements; its belief in a better future; and its...

Colonial Encounters in Asia, Africa, and Oceania For many millions of Africans, Asians, and Pacific Islanders, colonial rule by the British, French, German, Italians, Belgians, Portuguese, Russians, or Americans was the major new element in their historical experience during the long 19th century No single colonial experience characterized this vast region Depending on the cultures and prior history of various colonized people Men and women experienced the colonial era differently, as did traditional elites, Western-educated groups, artisans, peasant farmers, and migrant laborers European 19th century expansion lay the massive fact of its Industrial revolution, a process that gave rise to new economic needs, many of which found solutions abroad The enormous productivity of industrial technology and europe's growing affluence now created the need for extensive raw materials and agriculture products: bananas from central america; rubber from Brazil; cocoa and palm...

Revolutions of Industrialization Revolutions of Industrialization which took place between 1750 and 1900. The global context for this epochal economic transformation lies in a very substantial increase in human numbers from about 375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early 19th century Accompanying this growth in population was an emerging energy crisi, most pronounced in western europe, china, and japan, as wood and charcoal, the major industrial fuels, become scarcer and their prices rose Global energy demands began to push against the existing local and regional ecological limits Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as  coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water, wood, and the muscle power of people and animals Sustaining the industrial revolution was another breakthrough, which lay in the exploitation of guano, or seabird excrement, from t...