chapter 19

Empires in collision

  • China was among the countries that confronted an aggressive and industrializing West   while maintaining its formal independence
  • Japan, the Ottoman Empire, Persian (Iran), Ethiopia, and Siam (Thailand)
  • They shared with their colonized counterparts the need to deal with four dimensions of the European moment in world history
  • Faced the immense military might and political ambitions of revival European states
  • They became enmeshed in networks of trade, investment, and sometimes migration that arose from an industrializing and capitalist Europe to generate  a new world economy
  • They were touched by various aspects of traditional European culture, as some among them learned the French, English, or German language; converted to Christianity;  or studied European literature and philosophy
  • They engaged with the culture of modernity --- its scientific rationalism; its technological achievements; its belief in a better future; and its ideas of nationalism, socialism, feminism, and individualism   

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