chapter 17

Revolutions of Industrialization

  • Revolutions of Industrialization which took place between 1750 and 1900.
  • The global context for this epochal economic transformation lies in a very substantial increase in human numbers from about 375 million people in 1400 to about 1 billion in the early 19th century
  • Accompanying this growth in population was an emerging energy crisi, most pronounced in western europe, china, and japan, as wood and charcoal, the major industrial fuels, become scarcer and their prices rose
  • Global energy demands began to push against the existing local and regional ecological limits
  • Industrial Revolution marks a human response to that dilemma as nonrenewable fossil fuels such as  coal, oil, and natural gas replaced the endlessly renewable energy sources of wind, water, wood, and the muscle power of people and animals
  • Sustaining the industrial revolution was another breakthrough, which lay in the exploitation of guano, or seabird excrement, from the islands off the coast of Peru as well as various mineral sources of nitrates and phosphates in south america and pacific oceania
  • This was an agriculture breakthrough as these substances made excellent fertilizers, enriching the soils and enabling highly productive input -intensive farming

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